The Three Waves of Feminism Free Essays

The Three Big Waves of Feminism First-Wave Feminism: Women’s Right to Vote In 1776, the then First Lady of the United States was the first to raise her about women’s rights, disclosing to her significant other to â€Å"remember the ladies† in his drafting of new laws, yet it took over 100 years for men like John Adams to really do as such. With the assistance of about six decided, and for this situation white upper-working class, ladies the primary wave women's liberation, which ranges from the nineteenth century to the mid twentieth century, at last prompted their objective following 72 years of dissenting. The Nineteenth Amendment, which tied down the rights for ladies to cast a ballot at long last went in 1920. We will compose a custom paper test on The Three Waves of Feminism or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now This great triumph brought different changes along, remembering changes for the instructive framework, in human services and in the work environment. Second-Wave Feminism: Personal Means Political The First-Wave was critical to women's liberation as it built up a sheltered balance from where ladies could begin. The second flood of woman's rights, in any case, was essential to everything that trailed. This wave checked everything the mid 1960’s to the late 1980’s. Obviously woman's rights didn’t cease to exist totally, in the middle of the first and second wave women's liberation, as the media attempted to cause numerous individuals to accept. Truth be told woman's rights was as yet a theme among ladies; they just didn’t swarm at surveying stations any longer. Rather numerous little gatherings of ladies activists were battling for conception prevention or the ladies harmony development. At that point, during the Second World War ladies unexpectedly assumed a significant job as work powers and could experience independency. In spite of the fact that after the war, since the men were back with their celebrated valor, it was required of ladies to quietly head once again into the kitchen and showcase their â€Å"natural† job as mother and spouse, which has been squeezed onto them from the very beginning. You can peruse additionally Waves Clearly that didn’t agree with a considerable lot of them. Anyway before the Women’s Liberation development and before the Sexual Revolution in 1968, there have been the Civil Rights Movement and the antiwar development. Those two were the initial two significant social developments to be shown through TV, just as they were the harbingers of the accompanying women's activist development. They indicated that ladies, as well, could get political. Ladies from Rosa Parks to Coretta Scott King caused political dissent to appear to be vital and energized numerous ladies all over America, paying little heed to race and ethnic foundation, to support their privileges. It was the women's activist movement’s go then to get genuine individual and by getting genuine individual it didn’t get any less political. Ladies had enough of the lewd behavior and abusive behavior at home going on behind entryways, of being kept out of law and clinical schools and in this way being limited to low paid occupations, of being restricted in household as well as in open circles. To make it short: ladies had enough of being looked down at. With these issues the key requests of this development were: â€Å"the right to protected and legitimate premature birth, the privilege to available and reasonable childcare, and the equivalent open doors in instruction and employment†. Another interest was more help of battered women’s asylums, and changes in authority and separation law. This flood of woman's rights raised the majority of changes with respect to ladies and laws. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society rights for ladies were expanded and acts like the Women’s Educational Equity Act, which permitted instructive correspondence for ladies, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, which precluded â€Å"sex segregation based on pregnancy†, were passed. Among these demonstrations a law went in 1975 that necessary the U. S. Military Academies to concede ladies, just as conjugal assault was made illicit and the no-shortcoming divorce lawful. Despite the fact that the last two laws were not perceived by all states, it was as yet viewed as a gigantic achievement. In the mid 1980s the greatest quality of the subsequent wave, the stupendous assorted variety of women's liberation and associations, unexpectedly turned into its greatest shortcoming as the media began the purported â€Å"feminist sex wars† by pitting ladies, particularly two of them, against one another, attempting to pulverize the picture of sisterhood distinctly. Despite the fact that the Women’s Liberation development plainly would not pick a pioneer, the media singled out Gloria Steinem as the pioneer of this development. Gloria Steinem was a solitary and childless vocation lady, who contrasted marriage with prostitution and demanded that â€Å"if men could get pregnant, fetus removal would be a sacrament†. On the opposite side there was the media’s sweetheart Phyllis Schlafly, who practically without any assistance cut down the Equal Rights Amendment. Otherwise called the ERA, this mendment requested that the â€Å"equality of rights under the law will not be denied nor shortened by the United States or any state on the record of sex†. It was first presented by Alice Paul in 1923, a lady really comparatively radical, yet didn’t get endorsed by enough states to get authorized. Regardless of whether this happened as a result of Phyllis Schlafly herself or the manner in which media introduced the women's act ivists of that time is easily proven wrong. At long last the ERA might not have gotten legitimized and ladies were as yet mistreated, however sisterhood was a lot of alive and blossoming. In sisterhood ladies discovered quality and with this freshly discovered quality they began breaking the barricades which had been shielding them from ascending the profession stepping stool and concluded that it was long past an ideal opportunity to begin assuming responsibility for their own lives. Third-Wave Feminism: Finally Diversity After ERA was crushed, a huge measure of media inclusion over the alleged â€Å"death of feminism† showed up on the TV screen of Americans. The individuals who really trusted them were without a doubt gobsmacked by the third flood of women's liberation which discovered its beginning in the mid-90’s. Brought about by the Clarence Thomas affirmation hearings and the clear dislike and scorn the informer, Anita Hill, was met with by the all-male jury, ladies concluded that once men crossed one line too much. The most evident distinction between the third wave development and its sisters the first and second wave developments was the embracement of decent variety. With women's liberation getting worldwide it opened up for ladies of any race just as any social class, yet in addition discarded the mass media’s â€Å"ugly braless bubblehead† generalization of women's activists with ladies like Pinkfloor expressing: â€Å"†It’s conceivable to have a push-up bra and a mind simultaneously. Being female and a women's activist was not, at this point totally unrelated and with the purported â€Å"grrl† women's activists, ladies began to appear as solid and engaging, while at the same time recovering everything ladylike, from wearing high-heels to lipstick. T he key requests of the Third Wave are a lot harder to stick point, as the scope of issues developed by ladies worrying about the sexual orientation abuse as well as with monetary persecution and natural issues too. Anyway one significant angle was the deconstruction of straight out reasoning and its perpetual assault on ridiculous excellence goals set for ladies since the time TV was designed. The third rush of women's liberation has not finished at this point. It is history really taking shape, as new issues to manage emerge when old ones are settled. The most likely most noteworthy accomplishment of these waves is the familiarity with mistreatment they’ve spread, the sentiment of network between ladies they made just as diverting woman's rights from a theoretical idea into a broadly acknowledged truth. The most effective method to refer to The Three Waves of Feminism, Papers

The Film American Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Film American Beauty - Essay Example The philosophical thought of excellence Since the beginning of Greek way of thinking around 427 B.C., the subject of what is excellence has been inquired. What's more, in the natural yet elevated conversation of the Dialogs, Plato describes how his instructor Socrates attracts them to understand that magnificence isn't just what is reasonable in physical structure -, for example, of a face, hands or different pieces of the body - yet in addition what is reasonable or acceptable in discourse and information. â€Å"Is not the great additionally the beautiful,† says Socrates (Jowett Translation 204). Aside based on what is promptly comprehended, Socrates talks in progressively enchanted terms as he shows thought as a psychological look to see â€Å" the very embodiment of excellence itself, everlasting not developing and rotting, or waxing or fading. . . which whenever observed one would look and be with, delivering and feeding genuine virtue† (118). The vision of Socrates on outright magnificence isn't what is ordinarily thought about the lovely things in regular day to day existence. Conventionally, magnificence is alluded to concerning request or exquisiteness principally of the physical structure, regularly enough of ladies. It would hence be intriguing to be explained on what Socrates implies by evident, straightforward and divine magnificence which â€Å"when obligated with the eye of the brain empowers one to acknowledge real factors past pictures or physical structure. The film American Beauty may simply have a practically identical thought regarding supreme magnificence. What American Beauty is In the film American Beauty, the possibility of excellence or the great is encapsulated by the fundamental characters. Satisfying his optimal of the military help, Col. Fitts of the Marine Corps thinks military-like position and control is acceptable or delightful for his family. He in this way stifled his own better half to full compliance and his child Ricky to ostensibly viewing him as a good example and war saint. Nearby neighbors are the Burnhams with Caroline Burnham courageously representing the excellence of America’s monetary futile daily existence which has transformed her into a furious contender to the detriment of her better half Lester, who has gotten to a lesser degree a spouse and even more an obligation in her life. The adolescent Angela Hayes epitomizes the youthful American magnificence, fixated on the requirement for consideration and prominence among classmates. Her closest companion Jane, girl of Lester and Carol Burnham, has become the sounding board to her steady desiring for hero worship and her ceaseless should be somebody uncommon and not common in school. Vital to the film, in any case, isn't Angela, however Lester Burnham. The film streams with his off-cam account and emotional answers for understand a middle-age emergency and find the great and lovely throughout everyday life. Intently helping him as he continued looking for life’s importance is the youthful Ricky Fitts who acquainted him with life space through medications until Lester’s life was stopped by an assailant’s firearm, that of Ricky’s own dad Col Fitts. The changed items which showed up great or wonderful to the movie’s characters seem to make the totality out of magnificence in the American lifestyle - authority drawn from soldiery for Col. Fritts, drive for progress to the detriment of family for Carolyn, look forever space for Lester Burnham, ubiquity and consideration for the uncertain Angela, and the twofold existence of control and-medications for the youthful Ricky Fitts. Who is the American Beauty It is anything but difficult to state that Angela Hayes, the object of a momentary fascination of Lester Burnham is

Master Data Management Definition, Principles, Common Mistakes, Examples

Master Data Management Definition, Principles, Common Mistakes, Examples Your business runs on data i.e. if you have realized it. You may however not have moved to making decision using data. Maybe you still rely on general knowledge to make day-to-day decisions.Maybe you think you don’t have enough data to use for decision making.You think that only big corporations are the ones who have this opportunity.If you are proactive, you have started looking at externally-available data to supplement your lack.Externally sourced data can include economic projections, market analyses, population data etc.although these are equally important, the most important data is the one already in the hands of your business.TYPES OF DATAAs long as your business has existed for some time, even 6 months, and has done some transactions, it has data. This is basically what defines the business and its processes.For the purposes of Master Data Management, we will talk about the data referred to as Master Data.This is quite different from the normal data which forms daily trans actions.Master Data is the core data which does not change quickly. It is the data which is essential for operations in your business as well as analytical decision making.Although different businesses will have different types of master data, the below can be found in most of them.Customer DataYou might view this as the most important of all data.Such a conclusion can be based on the fact that your customers make the business stand and thrive.Customers are easily seen as the major players in a business.These are the people other businesses are competing against you to get. The more customers your business has, the bigger the market share you’ll have. The bigger the market share, the more the profits.Customer data may include customer name, contact details, date of birth, shopping trends etc.Sales DataCustomers bring about sales. They like your product or service and they buy. The data about those sales are also key in your business.There is a close connection between sales data a nd customer data. The shopping trends contained in customer data are more or less the same as sales data.However, sales data can take on a more detailed nature.The details under sales data may include invoice number, invoice date, delivery note number, quantity sold, sale amount etc.Product DataAnywhere there are sales, there must be products. If your business provides services, this can be services data.Your products are what get transferred to customers and the transaction becomes a sale.Product data serves manufacturers very well.For them, this can include dimensions, weight, color, packaging quantity, batch number, production date, expiry date etc.Employee DataDespite the customer and sales data being very important, your employee data is also critical. Your employees are really the ones keeping the company wheels rolling.This can be well seen in the customer service, marketing and sales departments.The people who interact with the customers are the ones who make them customers in the first place.Otherwise, you could be talking about leads.Employee data can include employment date, date of birth, leave days, salary information, department name etc.Asset DataAssets are easily recognizable as the hardware of the business. Land, buildings, computers and the like, can be quickly referred to when talking about assets.But apart from these, more examples of assets can include “non-hardware” materials. These can include cash, shares in other companies and debtors.Data about the tangible assets can include year of purchase, purchase amount, depreciation rate etc.Types of data can vary widely. Any part of a business can have data about it captured in one way or another.And this is the data that is very valuable to your business.MASTER DATA MANAGEMENTSince there is a lot of data to be handled and utilized for your business to grow, there comes a need to manage it.The management of data is nothing really new or difficult. For many years, business have been using s preadsheet applications to manage their data.But data management was never easy using those applications.When everyone is having the data they need in their computers and share it through email, efficiency is greatly reduced.More than that, one department’s data may not be the same as another department’s.This can happen even when both sets of data are about a similar part of the business.Problem ScenarioFor example, the sales department may have the updated address of a customer. They may email this to the dispatch department for deliveries to the right address.But finance may not have the same information.When it comes to billing, the invoice may be sent to the wrong address.This will make collections problematic and your business loses in resources and time.Master Data Management definedThe above scenario is quite common in large organizations. It can also be experienced in small but busy companies where everyone is busy doing their job.This is where Master Data Management (M DM) comes in. Source: OpenPRAs the name implies, MDM is an implementation of a business-wide system where everyone gets their information from the same place.A central repository is created and all requests for data are satisfied from that one point.For this to work, the data will have to come from the individual employees and departments.The system will however integrate the individual departments so that changes made by one person reflects in the system. This way, anyone seeking the information from the system gets the updated version.Let’s look at this using the example scenario above. The sales team interacts with the customer and receives an update about her new address.When this change is updated in the system, it is reflected across the entire system.When the dispatch team looks up the address from the system, what they get is the new address.Similarly, when finance is billing, what they get from the system is the new address.This is the essence of an MDM system.PRINCIPLES OF MASTER DATA MANAGEMENTThat may sound great, making you see immediately the need for your business to embrace it. Or if you are an IT manager, you already see the benefit of providing such a solution to your company.But the success of an MDM solution is never automatic. There are decisions to be made and major considerations which influence the decisions.To help you appreciate the fullness of an MDM solution, we will look at the principles guiding a successful implementation.Then we will go through some common mistakes many businesses make so you know what pitfalls to avoid.Lastly, you will see some real-life examples of how MDM works. The examples provided are an everyday part of life.But from what you will have learned by then, you will appreciate the effort that went into making those examples work.Data IntegrityThe output of any system is only as good as its input. If you put in the right thing, you get the right thing. It is this accuracy that is referred to as data integrity.As you have se en, and going by the very name of the topic, data is at the center of MDM.And if the data which is relied upon by all the departments is inaccurate, then everyone suffers.As mentioned at the beginning, data is needed to make the right decisions. This is mainly facilitated by report generation. The system will generate reports based on the data it has been fed with.The system may for example indicate that there are 480 pieces of the product which you sell. You may then decide to reduce production so as to avoid overproduction.This is a business decision which has obvious implications.On the ground, you may have 400 pieces and not 480. If you sell 370 pieces then get an order for 100 more, you may think that you have the stock for it. And this is where the problem will come in.You may either think that stock has been lost or find out that the wrong data was entered. Your order may be delayed as you restart production.The customer may also become inconvenienced because of the delayed d elivery. This is a clear demonstration of the importance of accuracy in data entry.In the same way, MDM is affected by such mistakes.This is why data integrity is a must. When building the repository, the data must be checked for accuracy and consistency.Where variations are found, the correct version should be identified and used.Data GovernanceClosely related to data integrity is data governance. Data governance is simply the act of ensuring continued data integrity.Data governance is concerned with the integrity of all the data that is entered into the system well after the MDM solution is in place. Data governance is usually implemented as a program.That however does not make it an external part of the process.Data governance is basically the maintenance of the system. It comes with rules determining the format in which the data is to be in, the process to be followed and in some cases, even the frequency of data entry.These are rules which are set to uniquely fit individual nee ds. If your company is constantly adding new types of products, then you can remove the restrictions accordingly.But certain types of data, for example under the finance department, should ideally have restrictions. For example, if there are no restrictions, an employee could create fictitious company accounts.These can be used to channel payments for non-existent transactions.Change Management and AccountabilityThe data in the system is never completely unchanging.There will be instances when changes need to be made. The customer address scenario above is a good example.But that doesn’t mean that data changes can be done by just anyone at any time. Accountability must be enforced to protect the integrity of the system.Ideally, there should be one person in every department who is mandated with the role of making changes. This helps in ensuring that the number of people accessing the core of the system are reduced.For example, you might have 5 sales representatives who go to the f ield. If one gets an update about a customer’s information, he should pass it on to another staff who has the system rights to make the changes.In the right implementation, each one of these employees could have a view of the customer data. But their limited rights should not enable them to make changes.AuditabilityAudits should not only happen in the finance department, but also on the MDM system. Auditability in this case refers mainly to the proof of the processes followed while making changes into the system.If for example a new company is to be created in the system, there should be an approval process followed. If a customer is to be created, there should be an approval granted for the same.This will provide the records to show what exactly happens behind the scenes.For auditability to work, data governance has to be in place. With the rules set for new data and data changes, the integrity of the whole system can be maintained.This then guarantees the correctness of the repo rts which are generated by the system.COMMON MISTAKES IN MASTER DATA MANAGEMENTThe implementation of a Master Data Management solution is never an easy one. This is usually work which involves many people and the project itself needs to be managed well.Many failures come from challenges which can be traced down to the people involved. In most cases, these people are the staff where the MDM solution is being implemented.Here are some of the common mistakes in MDM implementation.Ignoring Data QualityThe need for accurate data to be entered into the MDM system cannot be overemphasized. Data is key to business growth and MDM is all about managing that data.As you clean up data through checks and confirmations where necessary, you lay the foundation of a strong system. When this is ignored, then you have a disaster waiting to happen.Ignoring data quality happens mostly due to the rush to implement the solution. You may embrace MDM because you have seen the need for it.But that does not m ean that you should hurriedly implement it.Though desiring to solve the problem as soon as possible, rushing will only set you up for big problems later. Problems which can be loss-causing.Lack of Data GovernanceOnce you have ensured the data is clean, the standard has to be maintained. The clean data must be protected by rules and policies. These should determine who can do what, when and to what extent.This is the realm of data governance. The people working in data governance are called data stewards. Their job is to ensure data quality is maintained.Accuracy should always be a guarantee if at all the system is to provide the expected results.The Silo Mentality in Data GovernanceData governance often suffers from the silo mentality. Just as the business can suffer from this at a corporate level, so can the MDM system.The silo mentality is a description of the situation whereby a business unit works independently of the other units. This is very common in large organizations where there are no deliberate efforts to keep everyone moving together. Source: MarketoonistIn the MDM context, this becomes a reality when one department always abides by the rules of data governance.They make changes accordingly and follow the right processes. All the data coming from that source is always accurate.The other departments may not be doing the same thing. One common excuse is that the staff are busy. Too busy to follow the right procedures.At times, even too busy to input the data they need to input into the system.Whereas the cooperative department can enjoy accurate reports coming from their data, the others one will not.They will not be able to depend on system reports since they know the data is not accurate. The work may pend and become an unmanageable pile.Yet that’s not all. Since the cooperative department is not a company on its own, they’ll need data from the others.The data coming from the other departments or business units will eventually affect an aspect of this particular department’s work.This will lead to the MDM so lution being rejected because apparently, it is not working. Or it has just worsened the situation.It is important that you work towards breaking the silo mentality.Assuming That Data Governance is an IT JobMany employees assume that because MDM is a technical solution, then data governance is an IT job.They reason that their role is to produce, or sell, or work on finances etc, according to the department they are in.But what is rarely realized is that the IT department doesn’t create any data.As such, it cannot know what is accurate and what is not. For example, from the scenario we’ve used in this article, how could IT know that the customer changed his address? IT doesn’t even have the customer’s contacts to confirm.Every department should embrace the system and own it. They should also take responsibility of the portions of the system which they are required to work on.Seeking to Implement MDM in a Single PhaseMDM implementation is not a solution to be implemented at on ce. Such a move will be too costly in many ways. The project will therefore not prove profitable and is likely to be rejected at a very early stage.One reason for this outcome is that the process will be tiring for the employees.For success, there are many things to be done. All employees have to be involved from the beginning so as to understand the data needs of everyone. Training is also a must.When implementation is being done in one phase, there will be a lot of work to be done.The staff will have to make adjustments to their daily routines.At the same time, not many people are able to quickly adapt to a new system.The employees will start withdrawing and their interest will wane. The whole process will then be seen to be a burden instead of a solution. This is avoided by splitting the implementation of the project into phases.When you work in phases, you also get an opportunity to use the installed phase and measure the benefits.Once you see how your Return On Investment can c ome about in the future, you can invest into the rest of the phases.Neglecting Data SecurityMaster Data Management is all about data and data is at the core of every business.All over the world, the target of many cyberattacks is business data. And these attacks are coming in the form of ransomware attacks.When your data is captured, you may not know what might come.When the attackers ask for money, you are likely to pay up because you know the value of your data.In any case, your production might as well have stopped since the system is hijacked..Just think of the damage your business could experience if your data was to be released into the public.What would happen when your competitors knew how much you bought your raw materials and from who? What if they knew the chemicals you use to make your products as durable as they are? Or maybe they get access to the email correspondence of senior executives with your business strategy details?Any of these situations could pose a threat t o your business.Securing your data is as important as having a PIN for your debit and credit cards. It is as important as keeping your windows rolled up when your car is parked.You have to set your system with security policies and create users who have defined roles. No two roles should overlap so that accountability can be guaranteed.Not everyone needs the access rights to all data. In some cases, staff can view but not change the data records.You should also train your employees on securing their computers. They should use strong passwords and avoid using their smartphones to work.This is unless they have taken measures to safeguard the data contained in their phones.EXAMPLES OF MDM IMPLEMENTATIONSWith all that theory, let’s look at how an MDM implementation looks like.Large organizations implement MDM at a larger scale and can have challenges which differ from small organizations.Still, there are success stories in your daily life which you have certainly interacted with.Onlin e Marketing SystemsYou have definitely done some online shopping. If not, you at least are aware of Amazon.As a customer however, you may not understand how everything happens behind the scenes.You may buy some books and after a few days, you get an email informing you about another book tackling a similar subject. Upon visiting the website, you see other books of related subjects and you’re interested in buying.A big part of this is marketing.However, the real power lies in the data available to the system. Although much of it happens automatically, the process is quite simple.Your first visit was tracked and information fed into the system. Your purchase was used to determine what other products could attract your attention. You got the communication and ended up buying more.Transfer this to a brick and mortar store. What you have is an active salesperson engaging you. He helps you make a buying decision and leads you to the cashier (finance department) to pay. Your details as f ound in the system were then used to deliver the product (deliveries department) to your home.The information you gave the sales person while registering was used to create an account (customer relationship department) with all the relevant details.After the purchase, the marketing department didn’t need to ask the sales team anything about you.They access the system and get fresh data about a new customer. They relate your purchase to other products and send you an email using the provided address.So the sales, finance, delivery and marketing departments got what they needed from the same place.Phonebook Application SystemYour smartphone has another good example of an MDM solution.This is implemented in your phonebook application. Your phonebook can store all the necessary information about a contact.These can include names, email address, different phone numbers etc.You also have an email program in your phone. From it, you can create addresses.But you don’t really need to. If you are sending an email to someone in your phonebook, you can get their address from there. This removes the need for creating a contact twice.That same information entered into your phonebook is utilized by the messaging app. And other downloaded programs e.g. WhatsApp will also make use of the same information.Can you imagine what would happen if you needed to create contacts for all these programs? That would be too much duplication.That would really slow you down. You could also have an updated contact on one program while the others contain wrong details.Such is the benefit of having an MDM system in place.CONCLUSIONMaster Data Management is a solution which is needed in every business. If you want to make the right decisions in your business, utilize data.And for the effective utilization of data, work on having an MDM system in place.

Creativity in secondary school Free Essay Example, 1500 words

An artist sees a way when there is an ‘aha! ’ moment (Jalongo, 1999). Secondary schools education should be based around this principle where the students figure things out for themselves through their ‘aha! ’ moment. Connecting the right and the left side of the brain can help learn better. The students should look for cues for getting inspirations from various processes, designs and objects in their surroundings. The focus should be on creating links between two apparently disconnected objects or ideas. Creativity does not exist in thin air, it stems from a seed (idea) or inspiration. Left and Right Brain Illustration (huffingtonpost. com, 2014) The link between different concepts is important in learning. When teachers ask students to critique arts the question about the social background and its history in which it grew comes into question (Capel, Leask, & Turner, 2005). The students connect one concept with another. In theory, giving secondary school children more choices can significantly enhance their creative abilities. An immediate impact would be that they will appear distinct from those children that are given a script for their decisions. Their ‘choices’ are limited. We will write a custom essay sample on Creativity in secondary school or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now To give them more options and the freedom to choose will encourage them to make more connections between apparently disconnected objects, and they overcome learning obstacles through creative process. Secondary school children need to have a physical environment that stimulates their creative juices. It is a little harder to reshape the physical environment and the teaching methodology for secondary school children compared to elementary school children Arts and creativity form a core concept in the basic development of children. They ‘play’ with building blocks and ‘figure out’ possibilities of constructing a structure. The teacher would ask them questions about the possibilities of using an object. In secondary schools the curriculum and the subjects are relatively rigid. Usually it is assumed to have narrow learning pattern. The process of arts and creativity needs to be encompassed within subjects such as science, technology, mathematics, engineering etc. Arts and creativity infused in such skill sets can help the students in the long run regarding their career and personal fulfilment. Teaching assistants or TAs can be helpful in bolstering creativity. They work alongside teachers assisting students on individual and group basis (Hughes, 2009). Singapore and Korea offer great education models where the focus is on creativity and critical thinking (Vincent-Lancrin, 2013).

The Kernel Of Roman Society - 1258 Words

Rosemaria Varghese HUMA 4312 Critical Paper II Paterfamilias: the Kernel of Roman society Introduction In the Latin epic poem The Aeneid, the legendary poet Virgil presented various central moral principles that the Roman civilization fostered and adhered during his epoch. However, the discernible emphasis that Virgil placed on the relationships of fathers and sons highlights the underlying signification that these relationships became the genesis of Roman society. Virgil cogently rendered multifaceted father-son relationships that the Roman society upheld by exhibiting how Aeneas endures as the progenitor to the diasporic Trojan populace, how two princes demise for their fathers’ ideals, and how astute fathers applaud and condemn from beyond the grave. Patriarch for his people Primarily, Virgil revealed Aeneas, the protagonist of The Aeneid, as a loving father to his son Ascanius, and a dutiful patriarch to the disbanded Trojans. Firstly, Virgil depicts Aeneas as an affectionate â€Å"father Aeneas† and â€Å"fond father, always thoughtful of his son† (The Aeneid, Virgil, B. I, 877-881). The paternal responsibility Aeneas have for his son later magnifies not only towards the exiled Trojans under his care, but also to the whole Roman civilization to come. In the beginning of Book I, Aeneas emerges as a fugitive captain driven by destiny, and a man devoted to his mission to find a city for his gods and his people (The Aeneid, Virgil, B. I, 5-16). The destiny that Aeneas is toShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials Of Colonial Massachusetts1473 Words   |  6 Pageswere a result of the strict Puritan society, which was actually primarily untrue. The Salem Witch Trials were not enacted as a result of Puritanism, but rath er as a result of circumstance surrounding Rye. At the surface, the Salem Witch Trials appear to have resulted from the conformist nature of the predominantly Puritan New England society. 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Marine Animals in Captivity vs. Wild Free Essays

There is a lot of debate on whether zoos are actually a safe place for animals and if humans taking animals from the wild and putting them in captivity is harmful to the animals and possibly putting humans in danger. There are a lot of pros and cons of animals living in captivity, some researchers say zoos act as a safe haven for the animals protecting some endangered species from being hunted (s.1). We will write a custom essay sample on Marine Animals in Captivity vs. Wild or any similar topic only for you Order Now In zoos the animals get the proper nutrition and medical attention that can help expand their lifespan rather than in the wild (s2). Zoos are made for our entertainment and ability to learn and see these animals up close in personal and learn ways we can protect the animals from possibly becoming an endangered species (s3). When some people think of zoos they think of lions caged in bars and polar bears in hot air , Modern zoos have done a fantastic job at making each animals habitat as close to the real thing as possible (s4). Some zoos raise money to help save endangered species and run research projects on species they feel the need to know more about (s5). In fear of extinction many zoos have breading programs for the animals that have a hard time mating on their own (s6). Having zoos make is easier to interact with wild animals in a safe way. If we didn’t have zoos and people went into their natural wild habitat humans could possibly destroy what is left of it (s7). On the other side of the argument taking animals from their home and messing with the circle of life is crucial. Even if most zoos have good intentions and truly do care about the animals health and happiness it is difficult so recreate every species exact natural habitat. Elephants were made to walk miles and miles in pacts of thirty or forty and only have a couple of Acers to walk in the zoo with a couple other elephants (s8). Zebras and Giraffes are designed to run across miles of terrain but are unable to in captivity (s4). These animals not having the ability to do what they were designed to do and be in the open with unlimited miles ahead can cause the animals to be depressed due to small space and lack of privacy. In the wild all species habitat is larger and more adaptable then fake staged captivity in zoos. Having animals in their natural habitat allows the circle of life to run its course with no human interruptions. In Zoos the longest an Elephant has lived was 55 years old vs. in the wild elephants live to be 60-70 years old. Some people argue that animals in the wild are endangered and not protected. They fear the animals are not getting enough food and the right nutrition. Wild animals hunt prey on their own and people fear if we don’t keep some in zoos certain species will become extinct. If we let animals in zoos out now mainly ones who were born and lived in zoos their whole life will not know how to survive in the wild. Their whole life they have had food and water given to them and have been protected. If animals live in the wild they have the say to do and go wherever they please, including your backyard or even local grocery story which could be dangerous for your family and pets. There are multiple cases where bears have been seen in family’s pools or back yard. Zoos help capture and give homes to some species that could be harmful to the ecosystem and extinct many species, For example a family brings home a snake as a pet they bought from a family friend, in the beginning the snake is small enough to keep in a glass cage having the cage be the snakes only home and a hand holding a mouse as its food source. Once the snake gets too big a family may release the snake into their back yard letting it live in the wild leaving it up to animal control or zoos catching the snakes and giving it a home. If it were to me Zoos would be shut down. I strongly believe in leaving animals and nature alone and allowing it does to what god intend them to do. I do think Zoos are useful and fun but not for educational purposes. Researchers found people spend less than one minute at an animal display and most don’t read about the animal. The animals in the zoo are there to attract business. Elephants are paraded around to make money and some zoos you can ride on an elephant for $20. Animals are not here for our entertainment or even our education. They were put on this earth to live in the wild and contribute to the food chain. I feel we should keep an eye on species to make sure they won’t become extinct or a danger to society but not create a fake habitat and keep them in zoos there whole life. I agree with Safari rides where they take you through the wild to see the wild animals in their natural habitat so see how they act and live in their correct elements. Allowing the animals to live in the wild we are allowing them the freedom of life and ability to have a longer happier life than in captivity. Keeping animals in captivity can cause them to be very depressed and eventually become aggressive. There has not been enough research on wild animals and their feelings and behavior. An animal can get frustrated with being in captivity and switch on a staff or member of the zoo. SeaWorld has been a long ongoing debate on the treatment of their animals. An orca named Tilikuim acted out of stress from being held captive and tired of performing to amuse a crowd at SeaWorld in Orlando Florida resulted in the death of a trainer who â€Å"tilly† became aggressive with and drowned her during a performance (s9). Tilly was captured off the coast of Iceland in 1983. Tilly lived free in the ocean and knew what life was like outside of his pool at SeaWorld. An Aquarium is extreme; no tank no matter how large is it could ever come close to meeting their needs of swimming in social group’s long distances in the ocean. Richard Ellis, a marine conservation list at the American of Natural History believes orcas are one of the smart species and does not believe that the killing of the trainer was purely impulse but that it was premeditated(s9). I believe keeping animals in captivity does have its benefits like protecting species and making sure they are getting the right nutrient and medical help they need but without more research we truly do not know how holding these animals captive makes them feel until they act out and harm someone or harm themselves and are forced to be put down because they simply acted like the wild animals they are and are made to be. How to cite Marine Animals in Captivity vs. Wild, Papers

ADNOC Oil and Natural Gas Company Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the ADNOC Oil and Natural Gas Company. Answer: Introductin About the company Operating for the past 45 years, ADNOC also known as Abu Dhabi National Company is one of worlds leading energy producing companies in the world. Founded in 1971, the company is responsible for the generation of maximum percentage of oil and gas in the UAE, the organization has over the years been responsible for the employment and boosting the economic growth of the country. The production capacity that has been stated by the company is 3 million barrels per day. The organization is in control of 95% of the oil reserves that are present in UAE as well as 92% of the gas reserve. ADNOC is also playing a key role in the development of a varied knowledge-based economy, as well as putting Abu Dhabis in the global arena. The company is focused on the three pillars of modern daymanagement of business that is the price, planet and people. Innovation in term of technology to meet the requirements of the dynamics in the oil and gas industry as well as new and better means to improve theintern al management of the organization is the route taken to grow in the business (adnoc.ae 2017). Vision of the company To have a positive impact on the future generations as well as the economy of Abu Dhabi Aims and objectives of the company The company follows the contemporary triple bottom line approach of business model that gives equal priority to the Price, people and the planet. The company realizes the responsibility it has towards the society and environment and acts accordingly. The company is the 12th largest producer of oil in the world. The objectives of the company are: To expand maximize the value of the assets that the company already owns in the oil and natural gas industry To have a positive impact on the economy of Abu Dhabi To maintain a sustainable growth in the industry To be a reliable global energy supplier for the long-term benefit of Abu Dhabi and the customers (thenational.ae, 2017) Management structure The Abu Dhabi Supreme Petroleum Council was founded in the year 1988. This body was set up as an authority to guide and set rules regarding the policies that are related to the oil and gas industries in Abu Dhabi. The activities that are undertaken in this industry are all regulated by this council. The board of directors of ADNOC is the part of this council and is responsible to formulate business as well as financial strategies of the company as well as the industry in Abu Dhabi. The council is headed by the president of the United Arab Emirates and the ruler of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. This group also consists of several other important personalities, who with their visionary nature and modern perspective of business lead the company towards the objectives. The highermanagement of ADNOC includes a group of prominent personalities who are responsible for operations and the business development of the company. Any decisions or any policies that is formulated on the behalf of the company are made by the people who are in the executive management. This policy has to be back up and supported by the Supreme Petroleum Council (adnoc.ae, 2017). Leader and Manager The definition of a leader can be referred to as an individual who inspires and encourages a committee or council of people so that a common purpose or objective can be achieved in a way that exhibits optimum performance and productivity. The leader of a group is mostly a person who is selected by the group, this person guides and regulates policies and takes decisions on behalf of the council. This person has a certain degree of control over the people so that the members are able to conduct the assigned task in a way that is high quality and highly efficient. The factions of a leader are to inspire, regulate, synthesize and review the objective and direct a route for the subordinates to follow. Integrity and honor are the two values that are mostly related to leadership. The position of a leader commands respect and the attitude of a subordinates are be justifiable and is expected accepts the guidance in a rightful manner (Northouse 2015). ADNOC is guided by the secure and rational support from the far sighted and visionary leadership of H.H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. The position of a manager is offered to a person who is skilled and qualified to be a manger and is an expert in handling situations; he or she has to go through an academic training or in the job training in order to be in the post of a manager of any kind. The factions of a manager can be widely segmented under the following: strategizing, organizing, leading, policy and decision making and monitoring of the daily operations of the business. In a business enterprise there are managers at every level and every dimension in order to channelize the power evenly. For example: in ADOC there is an array of executives who deal with different divisions like: finance, administration, marketing as well as human resource. The appointment and the role of a manager depend upon the scale and nature of business. For example in a large scale organization a manager is appointed at various levels and with various hierarchies in order to administer the operations of various departments of the organiz ation. A manager looks after the balance in between the employees of an organization and the executives interest of the organization (Tourish 2014). Difference between a leader and a manager There are some of the basic differences in a manger and a leader though the essence of the position is similar. A leader is focused on the overall success of an endeavor; where as the focuses of a manager is limited and short term. Managers can be divided in term of the nature of job into project manager and people manager. A leader exhibits optimism in his behavior and encourages, motivates the subordinates to strive towards success, whereas a manager delegates task and directs the subordinates to work accordingly and deliver the assigned work in time. Leaders are responsible in creating changes in the organization so that both the productivity of the subordinates improves as well as it leads to the betterment of the project. A leader is always focus on building, maintaining and encouraging team work rather than just focusing on one person. A manager acts in response to the dynamics that are being implemented by the hierarchy of the company. The responsibility of a manager lies in directing a group of people who are a team towards a delegated task (Hornstein 2015). Roles of manager and leader in different organizational situations A business organization is a dynamic entity that has to grow with the changing factors that impact the business on a daily basis. The management is usually divided in hierarchy as top level management: which includes the personalities who are regarded as the executives of the organization as in ADNOC the CEO, Upstream Directorate, Downstream Directorate, Marketing, Sales Trading Directorate etc, most of the decisions taken by a company is by this group. Middle level management: the managers in the mid level are the ones who are responsible for guiding other managers in departments and on site locations they are responsible for devising operating decisions and then pass them for approval from the top level. Next is the first-line management or supervisory management also known as junior management these people are responsible for implementing the policies and rules of the organization that is formulated by the top two tiers, the managers deal directly with the resources who are resp onsible in the daily operations of the business (Wang et al. 2014). ADNOC is an organization that is at par with changes and the type of leadership that is expected form a manager in the organization is a mixture of both transformational and transactional. Motivation and encouragement along with creative innovations in terms of development is way the organization wants to grow in the future. The company is focused on the betterment of the organization as well as the people who are associated and in order to do the managers adapt to the changes and makes an effort to understand the dynamics of the industry. Hence transformational leadership is appropriate. According to the MARS theory of organizational behavior Motivation rate is dependent of the capability of the resource. The managers and the leaders are expected to understand the rate of motivation that the resource under him or her requires and hence the leader should have a transactional approach as well (Hill et al. 2014). Chaos theory Chaos theory can be defined as a concept of the process that describes development of a company that justifies how and why to expect the unexpected this also gives a scope to accept surprises and changes in the process of operation. There are two main aspects to the concept the butterfly effect and the feedback. The mechanism of this theory is based on by looking for organizational sketch that directs towards a particular type of behavior within the organization. The oil and gas industry works on heavy risk and crisis situations, the industry has been under several negative radar of environmentalists and councils of human rights. Hence the managers have to be ready with contingency plans and policies to deal with any situation that may arise. Accidents are not under the control of anyone but organizations should maintain safety measures and full precautions to avoid accidents (Cassidy 2016). Management by objectives This model explains how an organization can improve its productivity and performance by focusing on the objectives that are set by the company. The MBO theory states that, the leaders and the managers who are associated with an organization should come up with common goals and objectives for example: the objectives of ADNOC are aforementioned. According to this theory, the employees play a key role in the growth and development of the organization and they should be responsible enough to set their own target and with the help of the managers achieve them. Some of the functions of this theory are: enhancement in the employee motivation process, build commitment towards an organization; it also assures a improved communication in between the employees and the managers to attain the objectives. As ADNOC is one of the leading companies in the oil and natural gas industry that has goodwill of delivering the needful in the right time, the company is set to achieve all the objectives the strategies that are implemented in attaining the objective are. According to the CEO of ADNOC, Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber the company aims to achieve the objectives by concentrating the resources on four specific criterions: improving the performance and productivity o the company, maximizing the profitability of the organization, maximizing the efficiency and investing time and resource on the people who are directly or indirectly related to the organization (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Conclusion The leadership of H.H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of UAE and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, and H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, has always been valued by the ADNOC as the steady uphold and constant support. The farsighted visionary leadership of the CEO has lead the company in building its reputation and coming up with new and innovative ways of management. The company in order to maintain the sustainability and ethical standpoint can implement more employee friendly policies so that the commitment towards the company is grown reducing the employee turnover. In order to deliver the commitment the organization should employee more skill improvement workshops for the employees. Safety and risk management is another area that has a lot of scope and improvement, the industry deals in hazardous items hence efforts should be directed towards innovations in technology that ensures minimum depletion of environmental resources as well as safety for the people who are working on site. References: adnoc.ae. 2017About us. [online] Available at: https://www.adnoc.ae/en/about-us/who-we-are [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Cassidy, A., 2016.A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. thenational.ae. 2017.Adnoc to build new refinery and cracker. [online] Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/business/energy/adnoc-to-build-new-refinery-and-cracker-1.629911 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Tourish, D., 2014. Leadership, more or less? A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory.Leadership,10(1), pp.79-98. Wang, D., Waldman, D.A. and Zhang, Z., 2014. A meta-analysis of shared leadership and team effectiveness.

Jackson 1 Essays - Identity Politics, Politics, Black Power

Jackson 1 Bennie Jackson African American Studies 2210 Professor Eboe Hutchful April 26, 2017 Your Week 13 Discussion Board specifically flagged the issue of gender in the Black Freedom struggle for the first time. Yet, as we already know from the readings, the voices of Black Women have resounded from the very early days of the struggle. How have Black Women activists themselves conceptualized or visualized their particular situation and their role in the struggle? Answer by reviewing the ideas of the following: A. J. Cooper, Mary Church Terrell, Anne Dunbar-Nelson, Amy Jacques Garvey, Claudia Jones, the Combahee River Collective and Angela Davis. How should each of these activists be classified: as integrationist, Black Nationalist, or Transformationalist? Although black women played a huge role in the Black Power Struggle , they rarely received recognition for their dedicated participation. From the movement's inception, black women were at the forefront, organizing communities, church congregations, and Civil Rights organizations. However, despite such committed involvement to improving the conditions of black Americans, black female movement participants encountered sexist treatment from their black male counterparts and mainstream society. All of the women that were inv olved in the Black Freedom Struggle was motivated by accepting values of integrationalism , transformationalism, and/or Black Nationalism. Even though black women encountered sexism within organizations prior to 1966, the sexism was not as blatant and combative a s it was during the Black Freedom Movement. Mary Church Terrell, whose ideologies leaned more to integrationalism , was one of the most profound activists leading up to the Black Freedo m Struggle . Her scholarly articles, poems, and Jackson 2 short stories about race and gender appea red in numerous journals and magazines. Terrell began her professional career as a writer, educator, and activist, co-founded the National Association of Colored Women and served as the organization's first president . Terrell joined the passionate efforts to end legal segregat ion in Washington, D.C. In 1940 she wrote her autobiography, A Colored Woman in a White World, which details her own battles with gender and race discrimination in t he United States. In 19 09, she was made a charter member of the NAAC P. Within the NAACP, she could not escape sexism, therefore, Terrell confronted Washingto n's then current racial issues and i t became her greatest achievement. Ann Dunbar-Nelson addressed the issues that confronted African-Americans and women of her time. S he served as field organizer for the Woman's Suffrage M ovement and for the Wome n's Committee of the Council of Defense . Dunbar-Nelson was a teacher, activist, and journalist who was active in the women's suffrage and anti-lynching movements. During the last two decades of her life, her efforts were directed towards the political issues surrounding African Americans. Her one-act play "Mine Eyes Have Seen" was published in the Crisis, a NAACP journal edited by W.E.B. DuBois. It raised questions about the duties of Black Americans that served in a war waged by a country that had not given them any justice. Ann Dunbar-Nelson utilized theories of transformationalism through her may works that developed from her abilities to use her Creole linguistics to get her points across. While she continued the struggle for Black Nationalism and African Independence, Amy Jacques Garvey doubled as a pioneer for Pan-African emancipation. Becoming the wife of the late, great Marcus Garvey in 1922, she gained notoriety by aiding him in writing his countless articles and publications. Garvey, within her own right, later published her own book, Garvey and Jackson 3 Garveyism and later published two collections of essays, Black Power in America and The Impact o f Garvey in Africa and Jamaica. Herself and husband were advocates of rallying for blacks to gain their own central powers and have freedom to self-govern. All along she helped organize and develop Garvey's philosophy of African Consciousness, Self-help, and above all economic independence. She will be greatly remembered for her conscious efforts of heroic deeds and sacrifices. Claudia Jones was a Communist for her entire adult life and a leader in several major mo vements. Although her formal education had terminated because she was forced to drop out of high school, her education did not stop there.

Human Resource Allocation in Software Development

Human Resource Allocation in Software Development Human Resource Allocation in Software Development Human Resource Allocation in Software DevelopmentThis fact contributes to the diversity of domains for software projects. Rapid evolution of software frameworks, technologies and approaches creates a constant need Software development industry is one of the core industries in the modern world. New software products are used for automating processes in virtually all spheres of human life for change. Hence, companies operating in software development industry have to deal with short-term projects, projects with very specific knowledge requirements, projects requiring special expertise, etc. This diversity creates a situation when software developments and other IT professionals are involved in the projects from time to time, often combine working on several projects and deal with various technologies simultaneously. Due to high flexibility of workforce in software projects and very specific requirements to project members, there emerge situations when the resources are allocated ineffi ciently.Problem StatementThe problem considered in this report is the following. The company provides the services of software development to a large number of clients. Due to the varied nature of projects, short-term project life cycle and specific skill sets needed in software projects there emerges the problem of inefficient resource allocation.According to Fairley (2011), companies providing the services of custom software development and companies offering consulting services in software development allocate 85% or more of their operating costs to development costs. In other words, business costs of such companies are formed by the salaries paid to software developers and other IT professionals (Fairley, 2011). However, the company has numerous inefficiencies in the process of workforce allocation to projects. This means that the company spends excess money on development and reduces the chances of successful project completion. Such state of affairs reduces the companys compet itiveness and viability. Therefore, it is important to address and resolve this workplace issue.There are several sources of inefficiency in the current process of resource allocation. The company deals with different projects, the duration of which varies from 2 weeks to 6 months on average. These projects are broken into stages; commonly, these stages include setting requirements and planning, software design, implementation, verification and sometimes maintenance (Martin, 2009). At each stage, the number of IT professionals required is different, and the skill sets needed during different phases also change. However, project team is usually assigned at the first stage, and there are additional resource allocations during implementation and verification phases.Sometimes project members lack the necessary skills for implementation and verification. They have to deal with technologies where they have little experience or perform supplementary tasks. It also happens that team members have no business expertise in the required domain, and there are no professionals with the required technical skills and business knowledge available. In such cases, team members have to master the new domain, which increases their value for future projects but reduces the effectiveness of solutions in the existing project. Finally, the work load is not uniform: there are times when team members have to work overtime and times when team members have to wait until other developers complete their parts of work. Such situation leads to professional burnout after overtimes (which are followed by escalating project costs) and to low performance during the idle time.This report is devoted to analyzing the problem of inefficient resource allocation in a software development company, considering several workplace programs and procedures aimed at resolving this problem and selecting one of the alternatives according to five criteria of software project effectiveness relevant to the situatio n. Therefore, this report contributes to improving workplace effectiveness in companies providing the services of custom software development.Overview of AlternativesAlternative A The first alternative that is commonly used in software development industry relies on the services of outsourcers or freelancers. Analysis of the key factors causing inefficiencies in resource allocation shows that there are three major causes: inflexible or premature allocation of resources, absence of prospective team members with the required characteristics (combined with the inefficiency of hiring developers with these characteristics due to short-time nature of the tasks) and fluctuating workload.The industry-wide practice is to invite freelancers or using the services of outstaffing companies to resolve such issues (Futrell, Shafer Shafer, 2002). Possible implementation of such approach include (Futrell, Shafer Shafer, 2002): placing ads for the required freelance services, contacting potential t eam members in person or using the services of an outsourcing company. It would be most efficient to use the latter option and sign a contract with several outstaffing companies. These companies would help to add external team members when necessary.Alternative B Another alternative is using more efficient resource leveling practices and detailed assessment of employee skills and abilities. The proposed program is the following: project managers should divide the stages of the project into smaller sub-stages, assign project roles and responsibilities in accordance with these sub-stages (Schiel, 2009). It is essential that project managers adjust project roles after every sub-stage of the project and align the changes with the schedule containing   activities of potential team members (including previous projects and future projects) (Schiel, 2009). HRM professionals should improve skills assessment process and introduce sub-skills in development and different business domains. The se skills should be weighed against current project role requirements so that project managers could assign team members who can add maximal value to the project.CriteriaCriterion 1. Compliance with customer requirementsThis criterion determines to which degree the company’s ability to adhere to customer requirements will be changed after implementing the new program.Criterion 2. Adherence to initial budget estimates.This criterion determines the extent to which project teams will be able to match initial budgets after implementing the new program.Criterion 3. Compliance with project timingThis criterion describes the degree of complying with schedule that teams will demonstrate after implementing the new program.Criterion 4. Business risk exposureThis criterion assesses the change in the degree of exposure to business risks achieved due to implementing the new program.Criterion 5. Project risk exposureThis criterion assesses the change in the degree of exposure to project ri sks achieved due to implementing the new program.Research MethodsThe methods used to research the information needed to determine the best recommended alternative included reviewing literature, analyzing research evidence pertaining to the impact of the use of outstaffing and advanced resource leveling on project resource allocation. In addition, the sources related to the influence of outstaffing and/or resource leveling on software quality, project time and budget, project risks and corporate risks were considered. The information was collected from software project management books, human resource management books and journals, computer science journals and case studies evaluating the effect of project management solutions.

Global Financial Crisis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Financial Crisis - Coursework Example The intention of this study is a financial crisis as a situation where economic markets are interrupted because of controlled credit to businesses and households and the real markets of services and goods are unfavourably affected. There are immense causes or roots available for a financial crisis irrespective of any nation. Basically, the structural factors like confusion arising between the free and the continuous deregulation of markets, a remarkable rise in the role of investment markets prevailing in both banking and non-banking economic organisations, rapid use of new global monetary mechanisms, declining transparency of the free markets, increasingly spreading out high business risks, inequality in a particular businesses origination and distribution factors among others are a few of the major causes or roots of a financial crisis. Also the general factors like regular conflicts regarding the market interests among the free and capital market contributors, deviation between in dividual bank interest rates with central bank’s policy rates, extremely minimum risk-free interest rates in major economies like the US and Japan among others, growing gap between maximum capital profits and low cost of capital, spreading out unfavourable low credit difficulty across all mechanisms also constitute a few of the crucial roots of a financial crisis that are prevailing in a particular organisation or in a particular nation. (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, 2008). In the paper, the regulatory failures that especially the western industrialised countries faced and which led to the universal economic crisis in the year 2008-09, is examined along with the findings about the causes or roots of the arising financial crisis along with certain immediate tasks that should be followed in order to cope up with the financial crisis has also been discussed. Evolution of the Financial Crisis The international financial crisis was originated with the ‘sub- prime mortgage’ crisis and was eventually faced especially by the western industrialised countries during 2008-09. With the result of increase in rate of interests along with decline in home prices, there was a sharp jump in non-payment and foreclosures. In that particular period, there arose certain doubts regarding the liquidity of those assets and eventually became tough to fetch adequate price (Rangarajan, 2009). As a result of raising this crucial doubt, it gradually started to affect the prevailing institutions for their enormous investments made in their respective products. Thus, the entire financial system of the western industrialised countries was recognised to be in an acute crisis. There was a mutual distrust among the financial institutions in the western countries which led to freezing up of several markets including the inter-bank market. This crisis in a financial system had moved to affect the real sectors in various significant methodologies (Rangarajan, 20 09). Due to the evolution of financial crisis during 2008-2009 in the western industrialised countries, the emerging market risks, the bank lending flows, the foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and the export volumes among others had turned negative. The economic activities were contracted rapidly and particularly the western industrialised countries experienced large decline in their respective industrial production which weakened their credit growth (Berglof, 2010). Causes of the Financial Crisis in Western Industrialised Countries The financial crisis has been brought about by a combination of unsuitable monetary policies, extreme risk taking of certain financial organisations and

The Jewish state in Palestine Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Jewish state in Palestine - Assignment Example As it stands today, in my opinion, there will not be a peaceful solution to this issue. The Balfour Declaration created in 1917 stated that Britain, which at the time ruled Palestine, was in favor of creating a Jewish homeland. The term â€Å"Palestinian† is a misnomer. The land of Palestine was under the rule of foreign power since Biblical times. The Arabs living in Palestine never had a ruling government. Britain and the UN, after World War II, set aside part of Palestine to create the new State of Israel. Another misconception is Jewish families came and threw Arab families off their land. The Jewish immigration since Herzl’s time had Jews coming to Palestine and buying land from local Arabs. After the Israel declared their independence, Iran, Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Jordon, and Lebanon immediately attacked the new nation. The newly formed IDF (Israel Defense Forces) beat back the attacking forces and after a year won what is today Israel, excluding the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights. The Six Day War and Yom Kippur War gave Israel the Sinai, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Gaza Strip. Through negotiations the Sinai was returned to Egypt. The others are known as the Occupied Territories. When Israel formed their government, Jewish interests were placed first. The Holocaust had brought the cry â€Å"Never Again† to the lips of every Israel. The Arabs or â€Å"Palestinians† felt ostracized in their own country. The new language was Hebrew first, then Arab, and the English. Jews from all over the world flooded the tiny country, which is no bigger than New Jersey. The refugees of the wars, instead of leaving for an Arab country, were placed in refugees camps. Refugee camps in the Occupied Territory are cramped apartments where hunger and poverty run wild. The Palestinians started fighting against Israel through terror attacks on civilian targets. The Mahlot School

Gender Gap In Rates Of Offending

Gender Gap In Rates Of Offending To address this statement and draw a conclusion it is necessary to look at changes in society over time, as women have a different role now than they used to. Even though early criminology has often been gender blind, criminologist such as Lombroso and Pollak tried to make a connection with male crime to explain and answer the question why women do not commit as much crime ( Messerschmidt, 1993; Biel, 2008). It was not until feminist criminology came into force that it challenged the masculine nature of criminology, pointing to the repeated negligence and misrepresentation of women. As a result of such critique there was increasing attention to women and girls in criminological theory and research (Messerschmidt, 1993; Walklate, 2005). Additionally as the social role of women began to change, the view of their involvement in criminal behaviour began to change. As a consequence social, biological, economical and psychological explanations have been used to developed and explain why wo men commit crime and why they commit less crime than men. A reliable research finding (Parker and Reckdenwald, 2008) is that women are seen to commit fewer and less serious offences than men, which became known as the gender gap in offending. Recently it has been reported the gap in violent offending has narrowed (Parker and Reckdenwald, 2008; Rennison, 2009). What is unclear is whether the reported convergence is an accurate reflection of changes in violent offending or a manipulation of the data used: official records and self-report offending data. Determination of crime problems among women has been neglected within theoretical and empirical research compared with the crime problem among men. Womens crime, because of its size and character was not perceived as particularly dangerous. An important reason for this could be the fact that even in the earliest historical sources women often appeared as an object of the offence and not as it perpetrators (Messerschmidt, 1998). According to Kilday (2005) much of the history of women remained on the margin of criminological interests. Moreover Kilday (2005) argues that studies that examine women criminals tends to emphasize so called traditional acts of womens deviance such as prostitution, while perception of womens involvement in criminal activity has been dominated by their role as a victim rather than perpetrators of crime . What is more during 18th and 19th century Britain, criminality was highly gendered and focused on class. The vast majority of women who appeared before the court were from the poor and laboring classes, and most female criminals were considered far less threatening and problematic than men. As a consequence when women could not be criminalized in their own right it was thought that they must be influenced by men or by severe personal problems such as poverty (Kilday, 2005). One of the most commonly observed features of the criminological background is that a bulk of crime appears to be undertaken by men and boys (Messerschmidt, 1993). Fundamentally speaking major criminological theories are alarmingly and radically gender-blind. In other words when men and boys have been seen as the normal subjects in criminology the girls and women have attracted the attention of criminology only as a special category that allegedly explains the gender nature of crime (Messerschmitt, 1993) . Lombroso (1911) and Bagnor (1916) (cited in Messerschmitt, 1993; Szczepanik and Pospieszył, 2007) for example argue that women commit less crime due to their different biological make-up. They argue that such a woman is nothing but a man backward in the development. The main evidence for this is their lower weight, height, less body hair and fewer red blood cells. They have argued that the consequence of an organic inferiority is a natural inferiority. Lombroso (1920 cited in Klein,1996) specifies the born female offender as a woman, who is characterized by antagonism to motherhood, increased libido, tendency to immoral life , enjoys a good time, has a tendency to take part in male sport and wear more masculine clothes. They are more likely to be addicted to drugs and alcohol and display hostile behaviour. The most characteristic features of women criminals, they believed, were a bulky jaw, wild eyes, prominent cheeks, thin lips and a nap on the face (facial hair). Apart f rom these masculine traits female offenders also have characteristics typical for females such as cunning, cruelty, vanity and vindictiveness. What is more womens offences are thought to be influenced by male suggestion and that the female has no resistance to this. (Klein, 1996). Bjorqkvist (1994 cited in Howitt, 2009) claims that males and females do not differ in aggressiveness. They only differ in the way in which it is expressed. He further argues that women are physically seen as the weaker sex and are likely to learn different aggression strategies from those seen as the physically stronger sex being men. What is more, much of the feminist literature focuses on power relationships between the sexes. Because women have been restricted to domestic work and child-raising duties, their economic productivity was limited, which contributed to their dependent role. Consequently, because women are relegated to the household, they undergo less socialization experiences and that restricts their activities, whereas men maintain their power and dominance over economic resources and hold a position of power over women (Parker and Reckdenwald, 2008). In addition, Messerschmitt (1986) suggests that through sex-role socialization, the family encourages its own members to adjust and conform to patriarchal ideologies. Furthermore private patriarchy accounts for the degree to which womens activities are restricted and the extent to which female work is unpaid within the family, when linking womens economic status and crime rates (Parker and Reckdenwald, 2008). One aspect of the gender gap in crime that has attracted significant attention within the research community as well as the media is the observation that the gender gap has narrowed somewhat over time ( Parker and Reckedenwald, 2008). Several explanations of this phenomenon have been offered, including legal, social and economical aspects. It was not until 1970 when argument about whether female offences were raising that it became a criminological issue. When Freda Adler (cited in Heidensohn and Gelstohorpe, 2007) argued that female crime rates had been rapidly rising between 1960s and 1970s, she claimed that not only crime rates had changed but patterns of womens offending had also changed to a more masculine style. Women it appeared, were becoming more aggressive and violent, due to the growth of the modern womens movement. Adler (cited in Heidensohn et al, 2007) put forward the theory that liberation in short was the cause of more crime. Granting equal rights to women had allowe d them to take action in many areas of social life by giving them the chance to take on new social roles, which were previously only available exclusively to men. The womens liberation movement brought not only economic independence but also the sense of psychological independence, with women gaining new aspirations and confidence in their own ability. These changes have created conditions conducive to the activation of women in the employment structure which has led to an increase in social status and more aggression in women. However Heidensohon et al. (2007) claims that the visible increase in female offending is that their conviction is mostly for most minor forms of offending which do not include weapons, and further argues that girls behaviour once seen and treated as a welfare issue, is now more criticized, criminalized and punished. It is difficult to determine precisely the extent of crime, due to the limitation arising from the analysis made based solely on official statistical sources made up of Police Recorded Data and British Crime Survey. Determination of the size of womens crime may pose a special kind of difficulty. Firstly, the lack of sufficient empirical data, secondly womens crime is seen to be guided by its own gender-specification. The so called dark figure of crime committed by women may be caused by the fact that the womens crime is usually crime carried out in private. Pollak (1950 cited in Messerschmidt, 1993; Klein, 1996) claim that womens and mens crime are likely to be equal, but because womens biology interacts with certain social conditions their criminality is largely masked . He argues that women can be addicted to crime that can be easily hidden such as shoplifting, thefts by prostitutes, abortion. Consequently the crimes women commit are more often unreported. What is more women are bi ologically more guileful than men and more able to conceal crime (Biel, 2008). Relatively speaking womens offending usually take place in private (e.g. home) while mens offending usually takes place in public (e.g. Theft). Pollak (1950 cited in Messerschmidt, 1993; Klein, 1996) believed that a root cause of low rate crime among women is chivalry in the criminal justice system. Relatively speaking women are treated more leniently than the men and Allans study (1987 cited in Heidensohon et al. 2007) suggests that violent women offenders received more sympathy for serious crimes than men. Also that single mothers and pregnant women were better treated then men. On the other hand Walker (2003 cited in Heidensohon et al. 2007) argues that the fact of pregnancy among female offenders does not affect the weight of the punishment and what is more, it is not seen as ethical or indeed successful. He claims many women achieved only temporary acquittal because of the fact of their pregnancy and were later punished. The structure of the crime committed by women is a reflection of their position, and the role of social and environmental influence. Heimer, (2000) claimed that the most widely endorsed hypothesis in favour of the narrowing of the gender gap is the economical marginalization hypothesis, which states that reduction in the gender gap in crime is an effect of financial instability of women. In other words the need to escape from poverty, economical dependency on man and economic hardship. Moreover expansion in the divorce rate and illegitimacy rates in recent years which have in turn led to more female-headed households where women have greater responsibility for their children resulted in a significant increase in economic pressure on women. Following this Zaplin, (1998) argues that an increase in female offending is a result of increased opportunity for female types of crime. The increase in the rate of female arrests for minor crimes (especially property crimes) reflects not only economic marginalization, but also an increase in opportunity for those crime categories. Relatively speaking females tend to commit crimes that involve little or no criminal skills, and now their range has expanded due to changes in merchandising and credit, which are easily accessible to women as the consumer and head of a family. As a consequence of this women have more opportunities to commit shoplifting, cheque fraud theft and welfare fraud. Another possible explanation according to Zaplin, (1998) is that rises in female arrest is a product of changes in public sentiment and enforcement policies that bring to attention the visibility, reporting and sanctioning of female offenders. Whereas Freda Adler (Heidensohon et al. 2007) argues that female crime rates has been rapidly rising between the 1960s and 1970s , the Home Office claimed that during this time the prison population of women was so low that they thought it may be possible to end womens imprisonment by the year 2000. However along with the new century , there was a very large growth of overall imprisonment rates for women. According to the Home Office study(Hunter, Hearnden and Gyateng, 2009) the following factors had an impact on the rise of the crime rate for women: a growth in the number of women coming before the courts, a rise in the proportion of women getting a custodial sentence and an increase in the length of prison sentences being imposed on women. As an example they state that in 1996-7, 95 per cent of the rise was in effect more women coming before the courts. What is more the Home Office argues that now courts tend to impose harsher sentences on women for less serious crimes. The growth of the crime rate among women may also be due to the impacts of new legislation, which has created new offences, hence it may indicate that the offending rate for women is growing. Another factor influencing the growth of the offending rate in women may be seen in social changes and social attitudes towards particular offences. Szczepaniak and Pospieszył (2008) argue that since the equal opportunity for men and women came into force, women started to be seen not only as a victims of domestic violence but also as perpetrators. What is more, men are now encouraged and willing to talk about and report to the police domestic violence against themselves. Zaplin, (1998) argues that the ability and willingness of women to commit crime is strongly pressured by social control, especially during their formative years. Females are more closely supervised and their misconduct discouraged by negative sanctions. Risk-taking behavior that is rewarded among boys is censured among girls. Careful observation of girls companions reduces the danger for influence by delinquent peers. Even as adults, women find their freedom to explore worldly temptation constricted by social control. Also females are far more likely than males to be motivated by relationship disturbances to commit an offence and they need a higher level of provocation before turning to crime. A sense of danger and threat to significant relationships play a greater role in female offending. If their close relationship with those who commit crime is threatened, they may be unwilling to compromise these relationship by abstaining from crime and therefore take part in criminal activitie s Zaplin,(1998). Despite the fact that the gender gap of offending is narrowing and women commit much more crime than they used to, women are far less likely to be involved in serious crimes, regardless of data sources and level of involvement ( Maguire et al 2007). According to the findings of the Ministry of Justice (2009:15) females aged between 10 and 25 were less likely than males to say they had committed a serious offence (eight per cent compared with twelve per cent). They were also less likely to be classed as frequent offenders (three per cent compared with eight per cent) and less likely to be categorized as serious and frequent offenders (five per cent compared with three per cent). Further findings show that males were more than twice as likely as females to have carried a knife (five per cent compared to two per cent); more males (15 per cent) than females (10 per cent) said they had committed a violent offence (defined as robbery and assault); males were more likely than females to hav e handled stolen goods (22 per cent compared to 16 per cent); and over a quarter of males (26 per cent) had committed at least one of four types of anti-social behaviour, a higher proportion than females (18 per cent). The girls and women who make up the greatest part of the criminal justice workload commit ordinary crimes mostly minor crimes such as theft and fraud, low level drug dealing, prostitution and simple assault against their children or partners. Additionally much of the time, a large majority of these women are associated with men who are without good prospects, are not ambitious and who often themselves are involved in some kind of criminal acts . Consequently these men along with the children are the main focus of these womans lives. The world of these men tends to be an extreme patriarchal one in which women are demoted to subordinate roles, exploited and treated with indifference by their male partners causing the women to lead lives that are often miserable and difficult. Routinely, it is they who are left to cope with the consequence of these mens unsuccessful escapades and the incarceration this can bring Szczepaniak and Pospieszy (2008). Lastly we should note that most of the criminological theories were developed by men specifically to explain male involvement in criminal behaviors. As a consequence it raises the question of whether such theories are useful in explaining female crime or whether female crime can be only explained by so called gendered-specific theories. Therefore some criminologist believe that the traditional theories developed to explain male crime are not well-suited to explain female crime. Zaplin (1998) argues that their andocentric origin, traditional, structural and social process theories are more or less gender neutral. As a consequence these theories may be useful in understanding overall male offending as well as overall female offending. What is more they can be also helpful in explaining why females commit less crime than men. Also he argues that many of the delicate and deep differences between male and female crime patterns may be better explained by gendered approaches. In conclusion it is difficult to find a clear answer to female offending and to the rise of the crime rate among them. Despite many studies and research papers founded on this topic there is still no consensus among professionals. We cannot hide the fact that female criminality is a social phenomenon that has many differences compared with the crime of men. The structure of the crimes committed by women is a reflection of their position, their role in society and environmental influences. Usually women commit crimes which are associated with low risk detection or lower sentences. They do not plan the commission of the crime as male criminals do, rather they use opportunistic situations. Many women scientists involved in the studying of crime and the demoralization among women, explain it as the process of emancipation. Along with gender equality, women began to take action until which recently was reserved only for men. There are also those who blame the new fashion for being strong as a reason for female involvement in crime .As the weaker sex becomes old-fashioned, the so called miming of male behaviour by women allow them to occupy leadership positions in the group.